Slenkdalkoors is ’n erge insekgedraagde virussiekte wat hoefdiere soos skape, bokke en beeste aantas. Dit hou ook ’n ernstige gesondheidsgevaar vir die mens in.
Diere word aanvanklik besmet as hulle deur die muskiete wat die virus dra, gebyt word. Hierna word die diere direk besmet omdat hulle blootgestel word aan geaborteerde fetusse en besmette materiaal.
Lammers en bokke onder die ouderdom van twee weke is baie vatbaar. Hulle word baie gou siek, gewoonlik binne 24 tot 72 uur na besmetting. ’n Hoë koors word ontwikkel, hulle is lusteloos en verloor hulle eetlus. Tot 95% van aangetaste lammers kan vrek.
Skape is lusteloos, met ’n hoë koors, traag om te loop, eet nie en gooi op. Dragtige ooie aborteer en die fetus ontbind gou. Vrektes onder skape is so hoog as tussen 15 en 30% en tussen 40 en 60% van dragtige ooie kan aborteer.
By kalwers kom ligte kliniese tekens en tien tot 15% vrektes voor. By volwasse beeste is die tien tot 40% van borsies soms die enigste siektetekens.
Slenkdalkoors kom gewoonlik in die laat somer voor as dit warm en die lugvogtigheid hoog is. Diere wat in die somer in laagliggende dele by panne, vleie en damme wei, loop die grootste risiko om die siekte te kry.
In Suid-Afrika raak mense gewoonlik besmet deur regstreekse aanraking met die Slenkdalkoorsvirus indien hulle nadoodse ondersoeke op besmetlike karkasse of geaborteerde fetusse doen of in laboratoriums met die virus werk. Dit is veral veeartse, veeboere en plaaswerkers wat die gevaar staan om besmet te raak.
Wat voorkoming en beheer betref, is die volgende belangrik:
Dit is nie prakties moontlik om die muskiete wat die Slenkdalkoorsvirus dra, uit te roei of te beheer nie. Daarom is die immunisering van beeste, bokke en skape, die enigste praktiese en werkbare beheermaatreël. Die periodes tussen die siekte kan jare duur. Daarom ent die meeste vee-eienaars nie hulle diere nie en is die oorgrote meerderheid vee in Suid-Afrika vatbaar en dit versprei baie vinnig van plaas tot plaas.
Die lewende entstof wat deur Onderstepoort Biologiese Produkte gemaak word, kan in alle nie-dragtige beeste, skape en bokke gebruik word en gee goeie beskerming aan vee.
Dragtige vee kan met die dooie entstof ingeënt word. Dit is duur en tydrowend om te produseer en het ’n raklewe van een jaar.
Die dra van beskermende klere wanneer nadoodse ondersoeke gedoen word, is uiters belangrik.
Melk moet gepasteuriseer word vir menslike gebruik.
Die toepassing van goeie insektebeheer, kan moontlik bydrae tot voorkoming van die siekte.
Verskuif diere van laagliggende na hoërliggende dele en voorkom dat dit naby vleie, damme en riviere wei waar daar baie muskiete is,
Rift Valley Fever
Rift Valley fever is a fever-causing viral disease that affects livestock and humans in Africa. It is most common during years of heavy rainfall.
People get Rift Valley fever mainly from the bite of an infected mosquito. The disease can also be spread by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected animal.
Rift Valley fever can cause serious eye infection, inflammation of the brain, severe bleeding (hemorrhage), and death.
To prevent Rift Valley fever, travelers to Africa should take precautions against insect bites:
1) use insect repellent,
2) wear long sleeves and pants, and
3) use bednets. Travelers should also avoid contact with livestock in areas where outbreaks of Rift Valley fever are occurring.
What is Rift Valley fever?
Rift valley fever is a fever-causing disease that affects livestock (including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) and humans in Africa. It is named after a trough stretching 4,000 miles from Jordan through eastern Africa to Mozambique. Rift Valley fever is spread mainly by infected mosquitoes and appears most often during years of heavy rainfall.
Where is Rift Valley fever found?
Rift Valley fever is most common in the livestock-raising regions of eastern and southern Africa. The disease is also found in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa and in Madagascar.
What is the infectious agent that causes Rift Valley fever?
The disease is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus.
How do people get Rift Valley fever?
People can get Rift Valley fever from the bite of mosquitoes and possibly other blood- sucking insects. The virus usually lies dormant in the eggs of Aedes mosquitoes. During heavy rains and floods, the eggs hatch large numbers of infected mosquitoes that feed on livestock and spread the virus. Other species of mosquitoes, and possibly other biting insects, can also become infected and spread the disease. The occurrence of disease in a large number of domestic animals is referred to as an “epizootic.” The presence of a mosquito-borne epizootic can lead to an epidemic in humans.
People can get Rift Valley fever if they are exposed to the blood or other body fluids of infected animals. This can happen during the slaughtering or handling of infected animals or during the preparation of food.
Laboratory workers have become infected through airborne transmission during work with virus cultures or laboratory samples containing the virus.
What are the signs and symptoms of Rift Valley fever?
People with Rift Valley virus infections typically have a flu-like illness with fever, weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight loss.
Infected people usually get better in 2 days to 1 week after the start of the illness. Sometimes, however, the infection can cause hemorrhage (severe bleeding), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or severe eye complications.
How is Rift Valley fever diagnosed?
Diagnosis can be made by use of several types of laboratory tests.
Who is at risk for Rift Valley fever?
People who sleep outdoors at night in areas where outbreaks occur
Animal herdsmen, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, and others who handle tissues of infected animals in areas where the virus is present
International travelers who visit areas where the virus is present during periods when outbreaks or epidemics are occurring
What is the treatment for Rift Valley fever?
The drug ribavirin is being studied for its effectiveness against Rift Valley fever.
What complications can result from Rift Valley fever?
The most common complication is inflammation of the retina (a structure connecting the nerves of the eye to the brain). About 1% to 10% of affected persons might have some resulting vision problems or partial blindness.
Approximately 1% of infected people die of the disease. Those who die are usually malnourished, sick with other diseases, or far from good medical care. Death rates are much higher for infected animals.
Is Rift Valley fever an emerging infectious disease?
The Rift Valley virus was first isolated in 1931 in livestock on a farm in Kenya. The most notable epizootic occurred in Kenya in 1950-1951 and resulted in the death of an estimated 100,000 sheep. In 1978, the virus was detected in Egypt and caused a large outbreak of illness in animals and humans.
The first epidemic of Rift Valley fever in West Africa was reported in 1987. It was linked to construction of the Senegal River Project, which caused flooding in the lower Senegal River area. In late 1997, after exceptionally heavy rains, an epidemic resulted in the deaths of at least 300 people and large numbers of animals in remote parts of northeastern Kenya, southern Kenya, and southern Somalia.
How can Rift Valley fever be prevented?
No licensed vaccine or virus-killing medicine is available for human use. Travelers to Africa should always wear long sleeves and pants and use insect repellents and bednets to protect against bites from mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. Persons who work with animals in areas where the virus is present should avoid exposure to the blood or tissues of potentially infected animals.
This fact sheet is for information only and is not meant to be used for self-diagnosis or as a substitute for consultation with a health-care provider. If you have any questions about the disease described above, consult a health-care provider.
Bron/Source:
RPO Limpopo, Staatsveearts
Slenkdalkoors
Deur: Dr. SUNELLE STRYDOM
Bronne van virus waardeur Slenkdalkoors vanaf besmette diere oorgedra kan word na mense sluit die volgende in:
· Neusuitloopsels
· Bloed
· Vaginale afskeidings na aborsie in besmette diere
· Muskiete
· Besmette vleis
· Aërosol
· En moontlik die inname van ongepasteuriseerde melk
Mense met die grootste risiko om Slenkdalkoors op te doen, sluit die volgende in:
· Boere
· Veewagters
· Wildbewaarders
· Werkers in slagpale
· Veeartse
Simptome van Slenkdalkoors in mense sluit in:
· Griepsimptome – hoofpyn, spierpyn, swakheid, naarheid, buikongemak, ligsensitiwiteit
· Mense herstel gewoonlik binne 4 tot 7 dae
· Komplikasies kan lei tot blindheid, meningoënkefalitis, ‘n hemorragiese (bloederige) sindroom met geelsug, puntbloedings en sterfte.
Volgens ‘n mediaverslag van die Departement van Gesondheid wat uitgereik is op 9 April 2010, was daar 104 gevalle van Slenkdalkoors gerapporteer in Suid-Afrika, waarvan daar nog net 7 mense gesterf het sedert die eerste bevestigde geval op 13 Februarie 2010. Direkte kontak met besmette vee is geïdentifiseer as die hoof risikofaktor vir menslike infeksie. Die menslike gevalle sluit boere, veeartse en plaaswerkers in. Volgens die Departement van Gesondheid se mediaverslag, word komplikasies en erge siekte en sterfte net verwag in minder as 1% van mense met Slenkdalkoors. Volgens die Departement van Gesondheid, moet mense kontak met weefsel van besmette diere vermy; boere en veeartse moet beskermende klere dra wanneer hulle siek diere en hul weefsel hanteer; mense moet nie ongepasteuriseerde melk drink nie; en muskietbyte voorkom.
Voorkomende maatreëls volgens ander wetenskaplike bronne sluit die volgende in:
· Elimineer muskiet broei areas
· Die gebruik van muskiet afweermiddels
· Vermy kontak met siek vatbare dierespesies
· Beskermende maatreëls gedurende die slag van vatbare dierespesies
Aanbevelings deur die OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) vir die veilige invoer van vleis en vleisprodukte van makgemaakte herkouers en wilde herkouers vanaf Slenkdalkoorsbesmette lande waar daar huidiglik uitbreke teenwoordig is, sluit die volgende in:
· Dat die produk afkomstig moet wees van diere wat by ‘n goedgekeurde slagpale geslag was en dat beide voor- en nadoodse ondersoeke geen tekens van Slenkdalkoors mag toon nie; en
· Die karkasse waarvan die produk afkomstig is, moet ten volle ontwei (die ingewande was verwyder) en die karkasse rypgemaak wees by ‘n temperatuur bo +2˚C vir ‘n minimum van 24 uur na slagting
Gedurende vleisinspeksie, moet die hele karkas afgekeur word vir menslike gebruik wanneer daar tekens van Slenkdalkoors is. Sulke karkasse moet vernietig word. Ek beveel dus aan dat u vleis by ‘n betroubare slaghuis of winkel koop waar die vleis verkry is van diere wat blootgestel was aan beide voor- en nadoodse ondersoeke om te verseker dat daar geen tekens van Slenkdalkoors teenwoordig was nie. Indien u onseker is oor die betroubaarheid van die slaghuis of winkel, koop eerder rypgemaakte vleis, aangesien ‘n daling in pH gedurende die rypmaak van vleis die virus dood.
Verwysings
1. OIE Technical Disease Cards. Beskikbaar byhttp://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm soos op 17 April 2010.
2. Kapoor, Shailendra MD. 2008. Resurgence of Rift Valley Fever. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 16 (1): 9 – 12
3. Sissoko D, Giry C, Gabrie P, Tarantola A, Pettinelli F, Collet L, D’Ortenzio E, Renaulty P, Pierre V. 2009. Rift Valley Fever, Mayotte, 2007 – 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (4): 568 – 570
4. OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2009. Beskikbaar byhttp://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm soos op 17 April 2010.
5. 104 people with RVF, 7 deaths. Issued by the National Ministry of Health. 9 April 2010. Beskikbaar by http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/pr/2010/pr0409.html
Geskryf deur: Dr Sunelle Strydom (BVSc)
